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Showing posts with label Aggression in sports. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Aggression in sports. Show all posts

Thursday, 27 December 2012

Self Destruction among Sports Figures

Sports figures and self-destructive activities

Self destructive behaviours among sports figures have been pushed by both the urge to be ahead of competitors and the pressure to meet the expectations of the society, family and coaches. Feelings of frustrations can lead to destructive activities if not well controlled. The high celebrity status accorded to athletes by the society is also pushing them harder than the sport itself. Finally the nature of the sport can also influence self destructive behaviours.

Sports figures and self-destructive activities
In the past, sports were superficial as models of normative societal behaviour and sportsmen were to be emulated in the general public as examples of right morality because they depicted high moral. Sports figures athletes were placed on pedestals and youth were encouraged to emulate them.

Recent civilization greatly focuses on competition and attaining dominance, this has put athletes along descending spiral therefore the prominence in self-destructive behaviors field of sports this is accounting for incidences of self- destructing behaviors being widely reported in the media.

Sports figures have been involved in self-destructive behaviors for various reasons including the eager to push themselves to edge to win in very competitive sports. They regularly risk what does not appear like a big deal, such as muscle spasms or knee pain, in an attempt to see if they can elevate the level of their competition even a notch above their rivalry. Whereas this is an outstanding celebration of the aggressive spirit and the individual capability to advance one’s self, it can also at times finish off becoming the first stride down the trench of self-destruction (Gould 2010).

Self Destruction among Sports Figures

In games such as American football, basketball, and baseball to a greater extent athletes are coming under scrutiny for taking performance enhancers like anabolic steroids to boost their build and athletic performance. The aftermath problem is that they also get addicted to the muscle relaxants.

The passionate centred on becoming the best every time has motivated several athletes to engage in exercise regimens which their bodies can’t hold. Most athletes ignore the attacks of chronic pain in their joints or lower back pain or for sometime, but it finally adds up. This urge worsens with the more publicity an athlete gets, because the media puts yet extra pressure on them than the sport itself (Copley 2008).

Although there several accepted vitamins and supplements that athletes and other sports figures who take on extreme exercise use with the aim of increasing muscle mass, preventing injury, shedding off weight, or speeding up injury recovery, some health experts have indicated that some of these vitamins and supplements, can cause serious health problems.

For example, steroids increase muscle strength and mass as well as aggression. Moreover, they can cause temporary health problems like testicular contraction, breast enlargement, and acne, plus long-term problems such as heart, liver and prostate illness. They can also depress the immune system, reduce sperm counts and testosterone production in men and cause masculinization in women and children.
Similarly long term ingestion of huge doses (400 IU) of vitamin E is in fact linked to higher rates of cancer and heart (Copley 2008).

Sports figures are increasingly reporting cases of self aggression. This has been mostly noted in those athletes who participate in combat sports. Such sports like boxing, ju-jitsu, judo, karate or tae-kwondo. Even though such sports may be designed to teach self- control, discipline and defence at times players depict self aggression which might be as a result of frustration, defeat, accumulated anger or even the push to do something better when they feel like they have not reached expectations However, these apparently simple cause-effect relationships maybe ambiguous.

It is more probable that the self-aggression and self destruction in athletes would be indirect and its causes complex repercussions. It is for this reason that boxers are viewed as more aggressive due to the increased testosterone which triggers violence. The exceeding urge for victory pushes athletes to great extend of injuring their competitors or worse even killing them. In other cases they have been involved in “abusive” exchange of words which degrade their dignity (Gould 2010).


Aggression and gender on sports and exercise psychology

Aggression and gender on sports and exercise psychology

Aggression and gender are a significant discipline in the field of sports and exercise psychology. Aggression can be caused by factors that are sociological or sports related. Aggression falls into groups according to their intention and reason and effect. Gender on the other hand influences the level of aggression. In some instances gender stereotypes also influence the officiating and aggression in sports.

Aggression in sports can be looked at from different perspectives like hostile aggression or violence which is intended to harm someone or psychologically, or instrumental aggression with a goal twin and not to harm and assertive aggression which is a legitimate force with no intent to harm.

In some cases sports and exercises are seen as means of controlling aggression in the society. Some argue that sport allows someone to pent up their aggression in an assertive manner. This notion however creates an argument on whether violence in the society is controlled by sports or it’s the sports that facilitate more violence.

Various theories can be used to explain the nature of aggression in sports and exercises: the instinct/ biological theory which is bent on people are born aggressive which is not believed anymore, the frustration drive theory where one commits an act of aggression as a release, the revised frustration concept which determines if one will repeat that behaviour for example, the reaction of a coach toward your aggressive behaviour and social learning theory which involves reinforcement and influence and repeating actions that one sees in sports.

There are various factors that promote aggression in sports and exercise like heat when temperature exceeds the optimal, loud noise and crowding like when riots occur. Psychological factors like low scoring sports and alcohol which can impair the judgement and induce violence. Other key factors include sociological factors like hooliganism and the media. Sport related factors like point spread, playing at home or away, a win or a loss and the standings of the game or sport.

Aggressive acts are highly motivated, have tremendous release of physical energy and people not afraid of failure or getting hurt. Acts of aggression take place when official appear biased in low scoring games, fans unrealistic expectations of the team, early fouling game, player frustration, strong fan attachment to teams, where standings or records are highly different, losing, pain, embarrassment and playing poorly or unusual excitement when one cannot calm

 How to reduce gender aggression in sports

There are various recommendations to reduce aggression in sports. The management should deal with alcohol at sporting events, choose calmer colors and make sports events family oriented. The media can help people approach sports in a more humanistic way. Coaches should promote sportsmanship while the officials need to be objective and change the rules of punishments. Players and fans should have individual responsibility.

On the gender aspect the tendency for men to manifest a higher level of aggressiveness than women is quite evident. In connection to that men perceive aggression in sports to be more legitimate than women. In most cases in sports that are considered male oriented men display more aggression. Generally women tend to be less involved in violent or aggressive sports and exercises.

Sports whose officials are female also tend to record less cases of aggression than those officiated by men. Again in most games gender has displayed impacts on instrumental aggression because men display more instrumental aggressive acts than females especially in those games are masculine characteristic. In other studies men have displayed more stereotypes in officiating than women, for example they tend to penalize women more than men especially in the male dominated sports.

In conclusion aggression and gender greatly influence sports and exercise psychology. Gender also influences aggression in some sports.

 References/ bibliography

Weinberg, R.S., Gould, D. (2007): Foundations of sport and exercise psychology. Human Kinetics, USA.